A mile is a unit A unit of measurement is a definite magnitude of a physical quantity, defined and adopted by convention and/or by law, that is used as a standard for measurement of the same physical quantity. Any other value of the physical quantity can be expressed as a simple multiple of the unit of measurement of length In certain contexts, the term "length" is reserved for a certain dimension of an object along which the length is measured. For example it is possible to cut a length of a wire which is shorter than wire thickness. Another example is FET transistors, in which the channel width may be larger than channel length in a number of different systems. In contemporary English, a mile most commonly refers to the statute mile of 5,280 feet A foot is a non-SI unit of length in a number of different systems including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. Its size can vary from system to system, but in each is around a quarter to a third of a meter. The most commonly used foot today is the international foot. There are three feet in a yard and 12 inches in a (1,760 yards A yard is a unit of length in several different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. It is equal to 3 feet or 36 inches, although its length in SI units varied slightly from system to system. The most commonly used yard today is the international yard, which is defined to be exactly 0.9144 metre, or 1,609.344 metres The metre , symbol m, is the base unit of length in the International System of Units (SI). Originally intended to be one ten-millionth of the distance from the Earth's equator to the North Pole, its definition has been periodically refined to reflect growing knowledge of metrology. Since 1983, it is defined as the distance travelled by light in a), the survey mile of 5,280 survey feet (1,609.3472 metres (5,280.01 ft)) or the nautical mile The nautical mile is a unit of length corresponding approximately to one minute of arc of latitude along any meridian. By international agreement it is exactly 1,852 metres (approximately 6,076 feet) of 1,852 metres (6,076.12 ft).^[1] It is about a third of the old measurement, the league A league is a unit of length . It was long common in Europe and Latin America, but it is no longer an official unit in any nation. The league most frequently refers to the distance a person or a horse can walk in an hour, however, the league has multiple values.

The use of statute miles as a unit of measurement is largely used in the United States ^ b. English is the de facto language of American government and the sole language spoken at home by 80% of Americans age five and older. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language and the United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[note 7] is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, and many small islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land; in the United Kingdom miles are used for the benefit of motorists only, as road design is done using kilometres as is evidenced by the use of driver location signs There are two kinds of British highway route markers - location marker posts and driver location signs. Location marker posts have been used since before 1979 on motorways while driver location signs were first erected in 2003. Both markers display the same information but while location marker posts are for administrative purposes, driver on British motorways. There are many other historical miles and similar units in other systems translated as miles in English, varying between one and fifteen kilometres.

There have been several abbreviations for mile (with and without trailing period): mi, ml, m, M. In the United States, the National Institute of Standards and Technology The National Institute of Standards and Technology , known between 1901 and 1988 as the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), is a measurement standards laboratory which is a non-regulatory agency of the United States Department of Commerce. The institute's official mission is: now uses and recommends mi,^[2] but in everyday usage (at least in the United States and in the United Kingdom), units such as miles per hour The mile per hour is a unit of speed, measured in Imperial units expressing the number of international miles covered per hour and miles per gallon Miles per gallon is a unit of measurement that measures fuel economy in automobiles, that is, how many miles a vehicle can travel on one gallon of fuel. It is used similarly in North America and the United Kingdom, although the U.S. gallon is about 83% of the Imperial gallon used in the UK are almost always abbreviated as mph or mpg (rather than mi/h or mi/gal).

The formula "multiply by 8 and divide by 5" to convert miles to kilometres gives a conversion of 1.6 kilometres per mile. It is about 0.6% lower than the actual conversion factors; however, it is a useful approximation for everyday use.

Statute mile

The statute mile was defined by an English Act of Parliament An act of Parliament is a statute (commonly called a law) enacted as primary legislation by a national or sub-national parliament (hence the name) in 1592, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I Elizabeth I was Queen regnant of England and Queen regnant of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called the Virgin Queen, Gloriana, Oriana, or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. The daughter of Henry VIII, she was born a princess, but her mother, Anne Boleyn, was executed two and a as being 1,760 yards (5,280 feet A foot is a non-SI unit of length, in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. Its size can vary from system to system, but in each is around a quarter to a third of a meter. The most commonly used foot today is the international foot. There are three feet in a yard and 12 inches in).^[3] For surveying Surveying or land surveying is the technique and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional position of points and the distances and angles between them. These points are usually on the surface of the Earth, and they are often used to establish land maps and boundaries for ownership or governmental purposes, the statute mile is divided into eight furlongs A furlong is a measure of distance in imperial units and U.S. customary units. It is equal to one-eighth of an international mile, to 220 yards, and to 660 feet. Since furlongs are not used for precision measurements, there is no need to consider other slightly different conversions; each furlong is ten chains A chain is a unit of length; it measures 66 feet or 22 yards or 4 rods or 100 links . There are 10 chains in a furlong, and 80 chains in one statute mile. An acre is the area of 10 square chains (that is, an area of one chain by one furlong). The chain has been used for several centuries in Britain and in some other countries influenced by British; each chain is four rods The rod is a unit of length equal to 5.5 yards, 5.0292 metres, 16.5 feet, or 1⁄320 of a statute mile. A rod is the same length as a perch and a pole. The lengths of the perch and chain (four rods) were standardized in 1607 by Edmund Gunter. In old English, the term lug is also used (also known as poles or perches); and each rod is 25 links The link , also called a Gunter’s link, is a unit of length in the imperial system. The unit was based on Gunter's measurement where a metal chain consisting of 100 links was used in surveying real property. In the English-speaking world prior to the 20th century, links were commonly used for this function but are rarely used now. This makes the rod equal to 5½ yards or 16½ feet in both Imperial Imperial units or the imperial system is a system of units, first defined in the British Weights and Measures Act of 1824, later refined and reduced. The system came into official use across the British Empire. By the late 20th century most nations of the former empire had officially adopted the metric system as their main system of measurement and U.S. usage.

The exact conversion of the mile to SI units The International System of Units is the modern form of the metric system and is generally a system of units of measurement devised around seven base units and the convenience of the number ten. It is the world's most widely used system of measurement, both in everyday commerce and in science depends on which definition of the yard is in use. Different English-speaking countries maintained independent physical standards for the yard that were found to differ by small, but measurable amounts and even to slowly shorten in length.^[4] The United States redefined the U.S. yard in 1893, but this resulted in U.S. and Imperial units with the same names having very slightly different values. The difference was resolved in 1959 with the definition of the international yard in terms of the metre The metre , symbol m, is the base unit of length in the International System of Units (SI). Originally intended to be one ten-millionth of the distance from the Earth's equator to the North Pole, its definition has been periodically refined to reflect growing knowledge of metrology. Since 1983, it is defined as the distance travelled by light in a by Australia For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of the roughly 250 language groups. After sporadic visits by fishermen from the immediate north and discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by the British, Canada The land occupied by Canada was inhabited for millennia by various groups of Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French expeditions explored, and later settled, along the Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three, New Zealand New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses , and numerous smaller islands, most notably Stewart Island/Rakiura and the Chatham Islands. The indigenous Māori language name for New Zealand is Aotearoa, commonly translated as The Land of the Long White Cloud. The Realm of New Zealand also, South Africa Coordinates: 29°02′46″S 25°03′47″E / 29.046°S 25.063°E The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a 2,798 kilometres coastline on the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east are Mozambique and Swaziland; while Lesotho is an independent, the United Kingdom, and the United States.^[5] The "international mile" of 1,760 international yards is exactly 1,609.344 metres.

The difference from the previous standards was 2 ppm Parts-per notation is used, especially in science and engineering, to denote relative proportions in measured quantities; particularly in low-value proportions at the parts-per-million (ppm) 10–6, parts-per-billion (ppb) 10–9, and parts-per-trillion (ppt) 10–12 level. Since parts-per notations are quantity-per-quantity measures, they are, or about 3.2 millimetres (1/8 inch) in each mile, the old U.S. standard being slightly longer and the old Imperial standards slightly shorter than the international mile. The older standards for the yard (and hence the foot and the mile) continue in use for some surveying purposes in the United States,^[6] and the old Imperial value of the yard was used in converting measurements to metric values in India India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with 1.18 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the in a 1976 Act of the Indian Parliament.^[7]

For most applications, the difference between the two definitions is insignificant — one international foot is exactly 0.999998 of a U.S. survey foot, for a difference of about 3.2 millimetres (1/8 inch) per mile — but it affects the definition of the State Plane Coordinate Systems The State Plane Coordinate System is a set of 124 geographic zones or coordinate systems designed for specific regions of the United States. Each state contains one or more state plane zones, the boundaries of which usually follow county lines. There are 110 zones in the continental US, with 10 more in Alaska, 5 in Hawaii, and one for Puerto Rico (SPCSs), which can stretch over hundreds of miles.^[8] When international measure was introduced in the English-speaking countries, the basic geodetic datum A geodetic datum is a reference from which measurements are made. In surveying and geodesy, a datum is a set of reference points on the Earth's surface against which position measurements are made, and (often) an associated model of the shape of the earth (reference ellipsoid) to define a geographic coordinate system. Horizontal datums are used in North America was the North American Datum The North American Datum is the official datum used for the primary geodetic network in North America. In the fields of cartography and land-use there are currently two North American Datums in use: the North American Datum of 1927 and the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83). Both are geodetic reference systems, but each is based on different of 1927 (NAD27), which had been constructed by triangulation In trigonometry and geometry, triangulation is the process of determining the location of a point by measuring angles to it from known points at either end of a fixed baseline, rather than measuring distances to the point directly. The point can then be fixed as the third point of a triangle with one known side and two known angles based on the definition of the foot in the Mendenhall Order The Mendenhall Order marked a decision to change the fundamental standards of length and mass of the United States from the customary standards based on those of England to metric standards. It was issued on April 5, 1893 by Thomas Corwin Mendenhall, superintendent of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, with the approval of the United States of 1893, that is 1 foot = ¹²⁰⁰⁄₃₉₃₇ metres: this definition was retained for data derived from NAD27, but renamed the U.S. survey foot to distinguish it from the international foot.^[6]

The NAD27 was replaced in the 1980s by The North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83), which is defined in metres. The State Plane Coordinate Systems were also updated, but the National Geodetic Survey National Geodetic Survey is a United States Federal executive agency that defines and manages a national coordinate system, providing the foundation for transportation and communication; mapping and charting; and a multitude of scientific and engineering applications. Since 1970, it has been part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric left the decision of which (if any) definition of the foot to use to the individual states. All State Plane Coordinate Systems are defined in meters, but seven states also have State Plane Coordinate Systems defined in U.S. survey feet, and an eighth state in international feet: the other 42 states use only meter-based State Plane Coordinate Systems.^[8] The current National Topographic Database of the Survey of India The Survey of India is India's central engineering agency in charge of mapping and surveying. Set up in 1767 to help consolidate the territories of the British East India Company, it is one of the oldest Engineering Departments of the Government of India. The Survey of India's distinguished history includes the handling of the mammoth Great is based on the metric WGS-84 The World Geodetic System is a standard for use in cartography, geodesy, and navigation. It comprises a standard coordinate frame for the Earth, a standard spheroidal reference surface for raw altitude data, and a gravitational equipotential surface (the geoid) that defines the nominal sea level datum A geodetic datum is a reference from which measurements are made. In surveying and geodesy, a datum is a set of reference points on the earth's surface against which position measurements are made, and (often) an associated model of the shape of the earth (reference ellipsoid) to define a geographic coordinate system. Horizontal datums are used,^[9] which is also used by the Global Positioning System The Global Positioning System is a space-based global navigation satellite system that provides reliable location and time information in all weather and at all times and anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is maintained by the United States government and is freely.

State legislation is also important for determining the conversion factor to be used for everyday land surveying and real estate transactions, although the difference (2 ppm Parts-per notation is used, especially in science and engineering, to denote relative proportions in measured quantities; particularly in low-value proportions at the parts-per-million (ppm) 10–6, parts-per-billion (ppb) 10–9, and parts-per-trillion (ppt) 10–12 level. Since parts-per notations are quantity-per-quantity measures, they are) is of no practical significance given the precision of normal surveying measurements over short distances (usually much less than a mile). In the U.S., twenty-four states have legislated that surveying measures should be based on the U.S. survey foot, eight have legislated that they be made on the basis of the international foot, and eighteen have not specified the conversion factor from metric units.^[8]

Historical miles in Britain and Ireland

The statute of Elizabeth I was not the only definition of the mile in Britain and Ireland. Perhaps the earliest tables of English linear measures, Arnold's Customs of London (c. 1500) indicates a mile consisted of 8 furlongs, each of 625 feet, for a total of 5,000 feet (1,666⅔ yards, 0.947 statute miles):^[3] this is the same definition of the mile in terms of feet as used by the Romans. The "old English" mile of medieval and early modern times appears to have measured approximately 1.3 statute miles.^[10]

Scots mile

The Scots mile was longer than the English mile, but varied in length from place to place.^[11] It was formally abolished by an Act of the Parliament of Scotland The Parliament of Scotland, officially the Estates of Parliament, was the legislature of the Kingdom of Scotland. The unicameral parliament of Scotland is first found on record during the early twelfth century, with a meeting occurring around 1140 at Edinburgh Castle, and the first meeting for which a primary source survives was at Kirkliston (a in 1685,^[12] and again by the Treaty of Union The Acts of Union were a pair of Parliamentary Acts passed in 1707 by the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England to put into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union that had been agreed on 22 July 1706, following negotiation between commissioners representing the parliaments of the two countries. The Acts joined the Kingdom of with England in 1707,^[13] but continued in use as a customary unit during the 18th century. It was obsolete by the time of its final abolition by the Weights and Measures Act 1824.^[11] An estimate of its length can be made from other Scots units Scotland had a distinct system of measures and weights until at least the late 18th century, based on the ell as a unit of length, the stone as a unit of mass and the boll and the firlot as units of dry measure. This official system coexisted with local variants, especially for the measurement of land: in Scots, the rod was usually called the fall or faw, and was equal to six ells Several national forms existed, with different lengths, including the Scottish ell , the Flemish ell (approx. 27 in or 69 cm), the Polish ell (approx. 31 in or 79 cm) and the Danish ell (divided into a length just under 25 inches, approximately 63 cm) of 37 inches.^[14] As there are 320 rods in a mile, this would make the Scots mile equal to 5,920 feet (1,973⅓ yards, 1.12 statute miles). Other estimates are similar.^[3][15]

Irish mile

The Irish mile was longer still.^[10] In Elizabethan times, four Irish miles was often equated to five English, though whether the statute mile or the "old English" mile is unclear.^[10] By the seventeenth century, it was 2,240 yards (6,720 feet, 1.27 statute miles).^[15][16][17] Again, the difference arose from a different length of the rod in Ireland (usually called the perch locally): 21 feet as opposed to 16½ feet in England.^[16][18]

From 1774, through the 1801 union with Britain The twin Acts united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The union came into effect on 1 January 1801, until the 1820s, the grand juries In the common law, a grand jury is a type of jury that determines whether there is enough evidence for a trial. Grand juries carry out this duty by examining evidence and issuing indictments, or by investigating alleged crimes and issuing presentments. A grand jury is traditionally larger than and distinguishable from a petit jury, which is used of 25 Irish counties commissioned surveyed maps at scales of one or two inches per Irish mile.^[19][20] Scottish engineer William Bald's County Mayo County Mayo is one of the traditional counties of Ireland and is located within the province of Connacht. It was named after the village of Mayo (Irish: Maigh Eo), but the county seat is Castlebar. Mayo is the third largest of Ireland’s 32 counties in area and 15th largest in terms of population. It is the second largest of Connacht’s five maps of 1809–30 were drawn in English miles and rescaled to Irish miles for printing.^[21] The Howth Howth is an area in the Fingal County Council administrative area of County Dublin, Ireland. Originally just a small fishing village and surrounding rural district, Howth is now a busy suburb of Dublin, with a mix of dense residential development and wild hillside. The only neighbouring district on land is Sutton, also primarily on the Howth–Dublin Post Office extension of the London–Holyhead turnpike engineered by Thomas Telford had mileposts in English miles.^[22] Although legally abolished by the Weights and Measures Act 1824, the Irish mile was used till 1856 by the Irish Post Office.^[23] The Ordnance Survey of Ireland, from its establishment in 1824, used English miles.^[24]

In 1894, Alfred Austin complained after visiting Ireland that "the Irish mile is a fine source of confusion when distances are computed. In one county a mile means a statute mile, in another it means an Irish mile".^[25] When the Oxford English Dictionary definition of "mile" was published in 1906,^[26] it described the Irish mile as "still in rustic use".^[15] A 1902 guide says regarding milestones, "Counties Dublin, Waterford, Cork, Antrim, Down, and Armagh use English, but Donegal Irish Miles; the other counties either have both, or only one or two roads have Irish".^[27] Variation in signage persisted till the publication of standardised road traffic regulations by the Irish Free State in 1926.^[28] In 1937, a man prosecuted for driving outside the 15-mile limit of his licence offered the unsuccessful defence that, since the state was independent, the limit ought to use Irish miles, "just as no one would ever think of selling land other than as Irish acres".^[29] A 1965 proposal by two TDs to replace statute miles with Irish miles in a clause of the Road Transport Act was rejected.^[30] The term is now obsolete as a specific measure,^[31] though an "Irish mile" colloquially is a long but vague distance akin to a "country mile".^[32] Outside of its downtown core, but within its newer subdivisions, Toronto' street grid is based on the Irish mile.^{[citation needed]}

Metric mile

The term metric mile is used in sports such as track and field athletics and speed skating to denote a distance of 1500 metres (about 4921 ft). In United States high school competition, the term is sometimes used for a race of 1600 metres (about 5249 ft).^[33]

Nautical mile

The nautical mile was originally defined as one minute of arc along a meridian of the Earth.^[34] It is a convenient reference, since it is fairly constant at all latitudes, in contrast with degrees of longitude which vary from 60 NM at the equator to zero at the poles.

Navigators use dividers to step off the distance between two points on the navigational chart, then place the open dividers against the minutes-of-latitude scale at the edge of the chart, and read off the distance in nautical miles.^[35] Since it is now known that the Earth is not perfectly spherical but an oblate spheroid, the length derived from this method varies slightly from the equator to the poles. For instance, using the WGS84 Ellipsoid, the commonly accepted Earth model for many purposes today, one minute of latitude at the WGS84 equator is 6,087 feet and at the poles is 6,067 feet. On average, it is about 6,076 feet (about 1852 metres or 1.15 statute miles).

In the United States, the nautical mile was defined in the nineteenth century as 6,080.2 feet (1,853.249 m), whereas in the United Kingdom, the Admiralty nautical mile was defined as 6,080 feet (1,853.184 m) and was approximately one minute of latitude in the latitudes of the south of the UK. Other nations had different definitions of the nautical mile, but it is now internationally defined to be exactly 1,852 metres.

Related nautical units

The nautical mile per hour is known as the knot. Nautical miles and knots are almost universally used for aeronautical and maritime navigation, because of their relationship with degrees and minutes of latitude and the convenience of using the latitude scale on a map for distance measuring.

The data mile is used in radar-related subjects and is equal to 6,000 feet (1.8288 kilometres).^[36] The radar mile is a unit of time (in the same way that the light year is a unit of distance), equal to the time required for a radar pulse to travel a distance of two miles (one mile each way). Thus, the radar statute mile is 10.8 μs and the radar nautical mile is 12.4 μs.^[37]

Roman mile

In Roman times, the unit of long distance mille passuum (literally "a thousand paces" in Latin, with one pace being equal to two steps) was first used by the Romans and denoted a distance of 1,000 paces or 5,000 Roman feet, and is estimated to correspond to about 1,479 meters (1,617 yards). This unit is now known as the Roman mile.^[38] This unit spread throughout the Roman empire, often with modifications to fit local systems of measurements.

Other miles

• The Arab mile (or Arabic mile) was a unit of length used by medieval Muslim geographers. Its precise length is uncertain, but is believed to be around 1925 meters.^{[citation needed]}
• The Danish mil (traditional) was 24,000 Danish feet or 7532.5 meters. Sometimes it was interpreted as exactly 7.5 kilometers. It is the same as the north German Meile (below).^[39]
• The Meile was a traditional unit in German-speaking countries, much longer than a western European mile. It was 24,000 German feet; the SI equivalent was 7586 meters in Austria or 7532.5 meters in northern Germany. There was a version known as the geographische Meile, which was 4 Admiralty nautical miles, 7,412.7 meters, or 1/15 degree.^[40]
• In Norway and Sweden, a mil is a unit of length which is equal to 10 kilometers and commonly used in everyday language. However in more formal situations, such as on road signs and when there is risk of confusion with English miles, kilometers are used instead. The traditional Swedish mil spanned the range from 6000-14,485 meters, depending on province. It was however standardized in 1649 to 36,000 Swedish feet, or 10.687 kilometers.^[39] The Norwegian mil was 11.298 kilometers. When the metric system was introduced in the Norwegian-Swedish union in 1889, it standardized the mil to exactly 10 kilometers.^[39]
• The Portuguese milha was a unit of length used in Portugal and Brazil, before the adoption of the metric system. It was equal to 2087.3 meters.^[41]
• The Russian milya (русская миля) was a traditional Russian unit of distance, equal to 7 verst, or 7.468 km.
• The hrvatska milja (Croatian mile) is 11,130 meters = 11.13 kilometers = 1/10 of equator's degree,^[42] first time used by Jesuit Stjepan Glavač on a map from 1673.
• The banska milja (also called hrvatska milja) (mile of Croatian Ban, Croatian mile) was 7586 meters = 7.586 kilometers, or 24,000 feet.^[43].

Grid system

Cities in the continental United States often have streets laid out by miles. Detroit, Indianapolis, Chicago, Phoenix, Philadelphia, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, and Miami Stone Harbor, and New Jersey mostly, are several examples. Typically the largest streets are about one mile apart, with others at half-mile and quarter-mile intervals. Also in Manhattan, "streets" are almost exactly 20 per mile, while "avenues" are about six per mile.

Idioms

Even in English-speaking countries that have moved from the Imperial to the metric system (for example, Australia and New Zealand), the mile is still used in a variety of idioms. These include:

• A country mile is used colloquially to denote a very long distance.
• "A miss is as good as a mile" (failure by a narrow margin is no better than any other failure)
• "Give him an inch and he'll take a mile" - a corruption of "Give him an inch and he'll take an ell" ^[44] (the person in question will become greedy if shown generosity)
• "Missed by a mile" (missed by a wide margin)
• "Talk a mile a minute" (speak at a rapid rate)
• "To go the extra mile" (to put in extra effort)
• "Miles away" (lost in thought, or daydreaming)
• "Milestone" (an event indicating significant progress)

See also

• Anthropic units
• Fibonacci sequence for miles converting to kilometers
• Four-minute mile
• Geographical mile
• Mile run
• Section lines
• Square mile
• U.S. customary units
• Data Mile
• Metric mile

Notes

1. ^ http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP447/app9.pdf
2. ^ Tina Butcher et al. ed. (2007) Appendix C, p. C-13.
3. ^ ^{a b c} Klein (1974, corrected 1988), p. 69.
4. ^ Bigg, P. H.; Anderton, Pamela (1964). "The United Kingdom standards of the yard in terms of the metre". Br. J. Appl. Phys. 15: 291–300. doi:10.1088/0508-3443/15/3/308. http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0508-3443/15/3/308/. .
5. ^ Barbrow & Judson, (1976), pp. 16, 17, 20.
6. ^ ^{a b} Astin, A. V., Karo, H. A.; Mueller, F. H. (June 25, 1959). "Refinement of Values for the Yard and the Pound." Federal Register Doc. 59-5442. When reading the document it helps to bear in mind that 999,998 = 3,937 × 254.
7. ^ Schedule to the Standards of Weights and Measures Act, 1976.
8. ^ ^{a b c} U.S. National Geodetic Survey (undated). "Frequently Asked Questions about the National Geodetic Survey". http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/faq.shtml#Feet. Retrieved May 16, 2009. .
9. ^ Survey of India, "National Map Policy – 2005".
10. ^ ^{a b c} Andrews, J.H. (September 15, 2003). "Sir Richard Bingham and the mapping of western Ireland". Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy (Dublin: Royal Irish Academy) 103C (3): 70, fn.35. http://www.google.ie/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=3&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ria.ie%2Fpublications%2Fjournals%2FProcCI%2F2003%2FPC03%2FPDF%2F103C03.pdf&ei=hA4bSr7PDYysjAf-5-jwDA&usg=AFQjCNHsV8Jj9rs9YyTrwYL2NOjPpVDM2w&sig2=BtFHv8oe4fkQqKLfylalyA.
11. ^ ^{a b} "mile". Dictionary of the Scottish Language – Scottish National Dictionary. http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?plen=1982&startset=25361793&query=MILE&fhit=mile&dregion=form&dtext=snd#fhit.
12. ^ "Act for a standard of miles" (June 16, 1685). APS viii: 494, c.59. RPS 1685/4/83.
13. ^ Union with England Act 1707 (c. 7), art. 17.
14. ^ "fall, faw". Dictionary of the Scottish Language – Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue. http://www.dsl.ac.uk/getent4.php?query=fall&sset=1&fset=20&printset=20&searchtype=full&dregion=form&dtext=all.
15. ^ ^{a b c} James A. H. Murray, ed (1908). "mile". A New Dictionary of English on Historical Principles. Vol. 6, part 2: M. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 436. http://www.archive.org/details/oed6barch.
16. ^ ^{a b} Petty, William (1769) [1691]. "XIII: Several miscellany remarks and intimations concerning Ireland, and the several matters aforementioned". Tracts, chiefly relating to Ireland. The political anatomy of Ireland (2nd ed.). Dublin: Boulter Grierson. p. 375. http://books.google.com/?id=tPovAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PRA2-PA375,M1. "Eleven Irish miles makes 14 English, according to the proportion of the Irish perch of 21 feet, to the English of 16 and a half."
17. ^ Ordnance Survey Ireland. "Frequently Asked Questions". http://www.osi.ie/en/faq/faq3.aspx#faq7. Retrieved February 17, 2009.
18. ^ Rowlett, Russ (2001). "Irish mile". How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictI.html.
19. ^ Andrews, John Harwood (1975). A paper landscape: the ordnance survey in nineteenth-century Ireland. Clarendon Press. p. 4. ISBN 0198232098.
20. ^ Andrews, John; Paul Ferguson (1995). "22: Maps of Ireland". in Helen Wallis, Anita McConnell. Historian's Guide to Early British Maps: A Guide to the Location of Pre-1900 Maps of the British Isles Preserved in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Cambridge University Press. pp. 72–4. ISBN 0521551528. http://books.google.com/?id=RanXw3Sv1aUC&pg=PR6#PPA72,M1.
21. ^ Storrie, Margaret C. (September 1969). "William Bald, F. R. S. E., c. 1789-1857; Surveyor, Cartographer and Civil Engineer". Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers (Blackwell Publishing on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society) (47): 205–231. http://www.jstor.org/stable/621743.
22. ^ Montgomery, Bob (November 17, 2004). "Past Imperfect; Milestones: Silent witness to our transport history". The Irish Times: p. 34. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/2004/1117/Pg034.html#Ar03401. Retrieved May 25, 2009.
23. ^ Austin Bourke, P. M. (March 1965). "Notes on Some Agricultural Units of Measurement in Use in Pre-Famine Ireland". Irish Historical Studies (Irish Historical Studies Publications Ltd) 14 (55): 236. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30005524.
24. ^ Smith, Angèle (1998). "Landscapes of power in nineteenth century Ireland: Archaeology and Ordnance Survey maps". Archaeological Dialogues (Cambridge University Press) 5 (5): 69–84. doi:10.1017/S1380203800001173.
25. ^ Austin, Alfred (1900). Spring and Autumn in Ireland. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons. p. 4. http://www.archive.org/details/springautumninir00austuoft. Retrieved May 25, 2009.
26. ^ McMorris, Jenny; main author Lynda Mugglestone (2000). "Appendix I: OED Sections and Parts". Lexicography and the OED: pioneers in the untrodden forest. Oxford University Press. p. 230. ISBN 0198237847. http://books.google.com/?id=dkiQbqZLAswC&pg=PA230&vq=Mesne. "Mesne–Misbirth December 1906"
27. ^ Inglis, Harry R. G. (1902). 'Royal' Road Book of Ireland. Edinburgh: Gall and Inglis. p. 14. http://www.archive.org/details/royalroadbookofi00inglrich.
28. ^ "Safer roads". The Irish Times: p. 6. October 22, 1926. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1926/1022/Pg006.html#Ar00602. Retrieved May 25, 2009.
29. ^ "Irish miles or English? Novel defence made at Bray.". The Irish Times: p. 5. 27 November 1937. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1937/1127/Pg005.html#Ar00504. Retrieved May 25, 2009.
30. ^ "Carriage of Merchandise by Road". Questions. Oral Answers.. Dáil Éireann debates. 214. Oireachtas. February 23, 1965. p. col.836. http://www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie/D/0214/D.0214.196502230011.html. Retrieved May 26, 2009.
31. ^ "mile, n.1 (draft revision)". Oxford English Dictionary (online edition). Oxford University Press. March 2009. http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00309498?query_type=word&queryword=mile&first=1&max_to_show=10&sort_type=alpha&search_id=2zmg-lV4bBW-5449&result_place=2. Retrieved May 26, 2009.
32. ^ Green, Jonathon (2005). Cassell's dictionary of slang (2nd ed.). Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 774. ISBN 0304366366.
33. ^ Rowlett (2005). s.v. mile.
34. ^ Maloney, (1978), 34.
35. ^ Maloney, (1978), 34–35.
36. ^ Rowlett (2005). s.v. data mile.
37. ^ Rowlett (2005). s.v. radar mile.
38. ^ Smith (1875), p. 171.
39. ^ ^{a b c} Rowlett (2005). s.v. mil [4].
40. ^ Rowlett (2005), s.v meile.
41. ^ Russ Rowlett, Units of Measurement http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictM.html
42. ^ (Croatian) Centuries of Natural Science in Croatia : Theory and Application Kartografija i putopisi
43. ^ (Croatian) Vijenac Mrvice s banskoga stola
44. ^ Oxford Concise Dictionary - 5th Edition - Oxford Universiry Press - 1964

References

• American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (3rd ed.) (1992). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
• Astin. V. and H. Arnold Karo. (1959). Refinement of values for the yard and the pound, Washington DC: National Bureau of Standards, republished on National Geodetic Survey web site and the Federal Register (Doc. 59-5442, Filed, June 30, 1959, 8:45 a.m.)
• Barbrow, Louis E. and Lewis V. Judson (1976). Weights and Measures Standards of the United States: a brief history. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
• Butcher, Tina et al. ed. (2007). NIST Handbook 44: Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices. Appendix C, p. C-13.
• Klein, Herbert Arthur (1974, corrected 1988). The Science of Measurement: A Historical Survey. New York: Dover. (previously published by Simon & Schuster under the title The World of Measurements: Masterpieces, Mysteries and Muddles of Metrology)
• Maloney, Elbert S. (1978). Dutton's Navigation and Piloting. 13th Ed. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
• Rowlett, Russ (2005). How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement. Faculty member's web page at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Accessed 2007-11-10.
• Smith, William (1875). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. London: John Murray. pp. 762.
• Thompson, Ambler, and Taylor, Barry. (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) (Special Publication 811). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology.

External links

• NIST General Tables of Units of Measurement

Categories: Units of length | Imperial units | Customary units in the United States | Ancient Roman geography | Surveying | Roman Inventions

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